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List of IACP Invited Presentations in the Conference Sessions Forum
June 9-11, 2007, Beijing
Spatial Planning in Japan and India: What can China Learn
from Neighbors’ Experiences?
Jiawen Yang
Georgia Institute of Technology
jy78@mail.gatech.edu
404-385-7215
Abstract
The
diversified political and social landscapes within Asia and the contrasting
approaches to similar challenges in different countries implies that Asian
experiences are valuable laboratory where policy-makers can observe development
outcomes in relation to different institutional foundations for the urban
society. Stories of how other nations are able or unable to surmount
development barrier with efforts of spatial planning can shed light on
policy-making in China. Toward this end, this article presents spatial planning
efforts in territories of East and South Asia, where over half of the world’s
megacities concentrate.
While mentioning spatial planning in dozens of Asian countries, the article
presents relatively detailed cases from Japan and India. The size of their
population and the complexity of their territory administrative structures are
about the same level of China. However, the different paths they have selected
in coping with their own challenges can reveal how alternative strategies can
be employed to deal with similar issues. This article compares their spatial
planning from such perspectives as central-local relationship, regional
governance structures, spatial planning effort in major urban agglomerations,
performance evaluation in terms of infrastructure and service delivery, growth
achievement, and equity promotion.
The
Asian experiences tend to suggest an association between development outcomes
and the institutions and strategies for spatial planning. For example, the
democratic India features stable but slow growth across the nation. The
uncoordinated metropolitan governance and insufficient infrastructure finance
leads to an inadequacy of urban infrastructure and urban services, which stand
as major obstacles for its megacities to compete in the globalizing system. In
a contrast, unified and comprehensive governments in the hierarchical China
have a marvelous capacity in financing urban infrastructure and stimulating
growth, but at the expense of significant equity loss and environment
degradation.
The
article also notes that Japan’s success in the global economy does not
necessarily imply that a combination of central influence and local democracy
will become the institutional baseline for spatial planning and spatial policy
in China in the foreseeable future. Both central and local governments in China
are trying to incrementally optimize their own economic and institutional
resources in order to meet its unique challenges, rather than follow an outside
model. The evolution of spatial planning for global competitiveness and life
quality in China, therefore, is subject to many uncertainties resulting from
the interaction among the relative stable cultural and political traditions and
the relative volatile global markets.
Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery for
Sustainable Urban Futures: Can China Benefit from USA Experiences?
Catherine Ross
Georgia Institute of Technology
Jiawen Yang
Georgia Institute of Technology
jy78@mail.gatech.edu
Abstract
The increasing urban population, the lengthening urban trips and
the worsening congestion all suggest that now is the critical moment for China
to set an appropriate national standard for urban transportation planning and
investment policies. Progresses, of course, have been made in the past years,
as evidenced by the announcement of Transit Priority in several
megacities and by the National Ministry of Construction. Challenges,
however, still remain. For example, how should China set an appropriate
standard for urban road infrastructure while facing the diminishing future of
traditional energy supply? How could China build a financial mechanism to
encourage transit capital investment and sustain its long-term operation?
Questions like these are difficult to answer. But experiences in other advanced
countries can shed important insights.
As the leading economy in the world, the USA has century-long
policy-making for urban transportation. We will present mainly four respects of
USA transportation planning and investment in relation to observable challenges
in China. They are 1) evolution of transportation planning; 2) transit finance;
3) private-public partnership and 4) integrated transportation-land use
planning. A careful consideration of these four components is important for
China to keep its momentum for economic competitiveness, to meet the demand for
social equity in the expected harmonious society, and to mitigate side
transportation impacts on energy security and environment quality.
In the process of updating China’s transportation policy for a
sustainable and harmonious future, the USA experiences can offer either
positive guidance or negative lessons. First, USA history is valuable for
China’s policy making when long-term transportation planning is considered.
Particularly, how American transportation planning has been reformed or adapted
to new environments can offer a reference system for China’s policy makers, who
are looking for new alternative as urban transportation planning moves from a
single task for traffic operation toward mobility and accessibility
enhancement. Second, stories of American efforts for equitable and efficient
urban transportation systems are also valuable. Particularly, its experiences
to support transit operation in a difficult operational and finance
circumstances could act as a bench-mark for China’s progressive transit
strategies. Third, the American experience can also help understand better the
strength and weakness of China’s planning institutions in dealing with today’s
Challenges. Particularly, the difficulty in coordinating transportation and
land development in the USA and the associated efficiency and equity issues
point out the institutional resources for metropolitan transportation planning
in China and imply a direction of changes in the foreseeable future.
Sustainable Urbanisation in China:
Role of UN-HABITAT’s Sustainable Cities Programme
Author:
Dr. Bharat Dahiya
Human Settlements Adviser
United Nations Human Settlements Programme
UN-HABITAT Regional Office for Asia & the Pacific
ACROS 8F, 1-1-1 Tenjin, Chuo-ku
Fukuoka 810-0001
JAPAN
Tel: +81-92-724-7121
Email:
bharat.dahiya@fukuoka.unhabitat.org
Abstract: Cities have led the
startling economic growth that China has witnessed in the recent years. In this
process, whilst cities have focused on their economic growth and development,
urban environment has not received sufficient attention from urban planners and
decision-makers. This has resulted in much publicised negative environmental
externalities where cities are faced with critical issues of pollution and
waste management. Perceiving this as early as mid-1990s, UN-HABITAT (United
Nations Human Settlements Programme) started to assist city governments in
China through its global Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP). The paper will
trace the history of the implementation of SCP in China, and document the
capacity building efforts made by UN-HABITAT under the different phases of SCP
over the past 10 years and the related achievements.
Under the Phase 1 (1997-2001), the SCP supported two cities,
Shenyang and Wuhan on urban environmental issues including air pollution,
surface water pollution and flooding. Under Phase 2 (since 2005), partnering
with Beijing University has led to the adaptation of SCP training materials and
toolkits that have been used for capacity building in three cities, Guiyang,
Hailin and Panzhihua (selected on a competitive basis and demand-driven
approach), for the implementation of Urban Environmental Planning and
Management pioneered by SCP. Supported by UN-HABITAT, the Administrative Centre
for China’s Agenda 21 (ACCA21) and Beijing University are providing direct
technical support to these three cities that will continue until the end of
2007.
At present, under the framework of Supporting Sustainable
Urbanisation in China Project, lessons learnt from the various SCP Phases are
being documented in order to develop a national training programme. The next
steps include the documentation of the good practices for policy dialogue
through the Project’s Consultative Committee with the Ministry of Construction,
State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Housing Price and Physical Environment: A Hedonic Price Model
of Wuhan Housing Market
Li Yin and Hao Huang
Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
School of Architecture and Planning,
University at Buffalo,
116 Hayes Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York, 14214-3087;
telephone: 716-829-2133; fax: 716 829 3256;
e-mail:liyin@ap.buffalo.edu.
It has been a few decades since China promoted the urban
economic reform, which have changed most aspects of China’s economy. Housing
reform that called to an end of employers providing free housing to employees
has shown profound impacts on not only China’s economy but also Chinese cities’
spatial development patterns. Ding (2004) pointed out that the area and price
of total constructed commercial housing are dramatically increasing.
“Housing is one of the most basic
needs of an individual. It is also one of the most basic community needs-part
of the essential services and facilities that provide a foundation for healthy
community“(Roberto & Bates, 2002). Housing market reflects the needs of the
individual and community. Housing price is
affected by many urban spatial factors. Hedonic
price model has been used extensively all over the world to examine the
relationship between housing conditions, its physical environment, and its
price. Urban spatial development patterns and the relationships between
housing price and urban spatial factors are, however, not yet well explored in
China. This paper will explore housing development patterns and the effects of
physical environment and urban spatial development on housing price in China
using city of Wuhan as a case study area. Specific questions that this paper
seeks to answer include: (1) What are the present urban spatial and housing
development patterns? (2) What are the relationship between housing price and
physical environment?
This paper will use spatial data on municipal districts, roads,
and rivers from the Michigan China Data Center and Wuhan Bureau of Urban
Planning and Land Resource Management, non-spatial attribute data on population
between 1998 and 2006, housing sale data between 2002 and 2006, and building
permits between 1998 and 2004 from Wuhan Statistics Bureau, Wuhan Housing
Management Bureau and Wuhan Bureau of Urban Planning and Land Resource
Management.
关于提高中国城市规划编制实效性的几点看法――以武汉为例
胡忆东
武汉城市规划设计研究院
huyidong@gmail.com
摘要：
当前中国城市规划的编制十分繁荣，但是规划的实施却受到社会的大量指责，规划的地位、作用和运行的机制也面临挑战和冲击。提高城市规划编制实效性已称为业内高度关注的话题。本文以国内最具代表性的“规土合一（即城市规划与土地管理统一管理）”体制代表城市武汉近10年的经验和教训为例，对此提出建议。
MAPPING ABSOLUTE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR COMPETITIVENESS
REGIONALIZATION: A CASE STUDY IN SHANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA
Xin-Qi Zheng,1 Shu-Jia Yang,2
Wei-Ning Xiang3
1. School of Land Science and
Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing
100083, China
(010)8232-2138,
zxqsd@126.com
2. College of Population,
Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China shujia_yang@163.com
3.Department of Geography and
Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223,USA
(704)687-5969,
wxiang@uncc.edu
ABSTRACT
During the last decade, the concept of regional competitiveness has emerged as
a prominent focus in academic research and public policy-making, yielding a
wealth of literature on measuring, comparing, and promoting regional
competitiveness. The contemporary body of literature, however, leaves the exact
delineation of competitiveness regions to a large extent undefined. Most
studies have utilized a jurisdiction-based approach, meaning that the boundary
lines of a competitiveness region are drawn by and thus coincide with
jurisdictional boundaries. This geographically-implicit approach is an
expedient model in that analysis is limited within administrative boundaries.
Yet, the analytical accuracy and policy effectiveness is compromised in
situations in which the jurisdiction under study is not homogeneous and
self-contained. For this jurisdiction-based methodology to function validly,
not only can there be no spatial differentiations across the jurisdiction in
the determinants of regional competitiveness, but the “spillover effects” must
also be contained within its boundary (Budd and Hirmis, 2004, p.1017;
Kitson et al,
2004, p.995).
In
this article, the authors propose an alternate method that addresses the
shortcomings of the aforesaid method. Theoretically, the proposed approach is
grounded on the notion of absolute competitive advantage
(Camagni,
2002;
Kitson et al, 2004).
This method recognizes a region as a competitive
entity if and when the region possesses unique and superior
assets (natural, technological, cultural, social, infrastructural, or
institutional) that provide all the economic organizations contained within the
region a competitive advantage. Methodologically, the proposed approach is
rooted in systems theories. This method acknowledges that regional
competitiveness derives from the synergistic effect of multiple assets across
economic space and that these assets operate at different spatial and/or
temporal scales often beyond jurisdictional boundaries. Technologically, this
approach employs a streamlined set of spatial modeling techniques in geographic
information systems (GIS) to accomplish a series of analytical tasks for
regionalization. Empirically, through a case study of China’s Shandong
Province, the authors demonstrate that the results of competitiveness
regionalization obtained using this approach are methodologically superior to
and substantially different from results obtained using the
geographically-implicit jurisdiction-based
approach.
以绝对竞争优势的地理分布为依据的竞争力区划:
以山东省为例
郑新奇1
杨树佳2象伟宁3
1、中国地质大学（北京）土地科学技术系，北京
100083
zxqsd@126.com
2、山东师范大学地理研究所，济南
250014
shujia_yang@163.com
3.
美国北卡罗来那大学夏洛特分校地理与地球科学系, 北卡罗来那28223
wxiang@uncc.edu
摘要
近十年来,
区域竞争力的概念在学术界和公共政策制定部门得到了愈来愈多的关注.
在现有的文献中,
区域竞争力的研究重点主要是放在其量度,
比较,
和提升策略三个方面.
对于竞争力区域的划分则尚无详细的研究.
特别是竞争力区域的界线通常是笼统地以行政区划为依据确定的.
其结果是竞争力区域与行政区的界线往往是相吻合的.
这种区划方法假定所有决定竞争力的因素在行政区域内没有地区差别,
并且它们的影响也不超出行政区的边界.
显然,
这两个假定在理论和实践上都是很难成立的.
有别于这种以行政区划为基础的方法,
本文中提出的区划方法以绝对竞争优势的厡理为依据来界定竞争力区域.
每个竞争力区域都具有其独特的资源优势.
这种优势可能是单一的 (如在自然,
技术,
文化,
社会,
基础设施,
或政府政策等某一方面),
也可能并可以是综合的 (几个方面优势的组合).
区域内所有的经济组织都因直接受益于这种资源优势而具有区域外的经济组织所不可能有的竞争优势,
而这一绝对竞争优势对区域竞争力的形成通常起决定性作用.
因此,
竞争力区域与绝对竞争优势的地理分布应该是一致的.
从方法论的角度来看,
通过一个基于地理信息系统的多参数评价过程,
本文提出的区划方法以系统论的观点分析评价资源优势与绝对竞争优势和竞争力三者间的相互关系.
经过在山东省的验证,
这一方法的有效性及实用性得到了肯定.
由此得到的山东省竞争力区划与以行政区为基础的区划相比更准确,
更合理,
更接近实际情况.
Regional
Socioeconomic Development Consequences
of Land-Recycling
in China
Karen R. Polenske
Professor of Regional Political Economy and Planning
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-535, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Phone: 617-253-6881 Email:
krp@mit.edu
Xin Li
PhD Candidate
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 9-549, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Phone: 617-412-1202 Email:
xinli@mit.edu
ABSTRACT. Over the past few
decades, the concept of region in China has undergone some radical
transformations. The central government has used various regional aggregations
for their spatial analyses, ranging from three regions to the more than 30
represented by the current provinces, administrative areas, such as Beijing,
and autonomous regions. We provide a brief history of those changes and the
effects it had on transportation, the industrial spatial dispersion, and the
economic restructuring of urban areas. We hypothesize that a new regional
structure will emerge in China due to the land recycling that is occurring
throughout the country. To test the hypothesis, our land-recycling team
members are conducting a set of plant case studies in China and conducting
comparative analyses with the deindustrialization effects in the United States
and Europe.
Today, urban areas in China seem to be experiencing a type of
deindustrialization, as municipal governments are mandating that polluting
plants must be moved outside the core urban area to the suburbs or peripheral
less-developed areas and sometimes even among rural areas. They are searching
for viable new activities for the former plant locations, thus determining ways
in which the land can be recycled once the relocation occurs. The
causes/effects of this deindustrialization differ from the deindustrialization
that is well-documented for the United States
(e.g., Harrison and Bluestone 1982) and Europe
(e.g., Rodwin and Sazanami 1989), in a way that
the extensive deindustrialization in China is government-driven, rather than
voluntary. We study this phenomenon in China using an analytical framework
that our land-recycling team is developing, and we then draw comparisons to the
deindustrialization that occurred in the United States and Europe.
Our analytical framework focuses on the interactions between
regional economic development and the changes in property relations of
shareholders, establishment of new land-use laws covering risk, liability, and
property rights, types of environmental standards and regulations for
contaminated land, and fiscal management of municipalities. We are collecting
information on these issues for the United States and Europe
(Grimski and Ferber 2001; McGrath 2000). In the
case of contaminated land, we are determining the types of industrial,
residential, and other activities that can be undertaken on polluted land in
China, using data and other information from several large plants in Beijing as
case studies. The movement of these plants is creating sometimes dramatic
economic changes both at the locations from which the plants are moving and in
the new locations. We study the land recycling of urban areas to determine the
major social, economic, financial, and political repercussions it is causing in
China. Initially, we are using Beijing for our plant case studies, but we plan
to make our findings as relevant as possible not only to other urban areas in
China, but also for other developing countries.
Managed Urban Growth
-- Implications of Portland’s Experience to Cities in China
Zhong-Ren Peng, Ph.D.
Professor of Urban Planning
Director, Center for Advanced Spatial Information Research
School of Architecture and Urban Planning
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
USA
Abstract Portland, Oregon is
considered successful and a model in managing urban growth and curbing sprawl.
This has been accomplished by means of an Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) to limit
suburban expansion, encouragement of higher-density development, infill
development and redevelopment, and emphasis of rail transit over highway
development. This managed urban growth policy in Portland is visionary, bold,
and costly. Its impacts on transportation, land use and housing started to be
felt by the residents. But many questions are yet to be answered.
•
Is Portland’s managed urban growth policy a
success?
•
What have been the effects of managing growth in
Portland?
•
Has/will Portland been able to reverse or deflect
strong decentralizing urbanization trends?
•
What are implications of Portland’s experience to
Chinese cities?
There are no definitive answers to these questions. Some answers are work in
progress and are usually controversial. This presentation intends to provide
some answers based on the effects on transportation and land use, adding to the
debate of the myth of Portland’s success story and its transferability to other
growing cities in the world.
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