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List of IACP Invited Presentations at the Roundtable Forum
June 9-11, 2007, Beijing
Influence of Urban Form on Travel Behavior
in Four Neighborhoods of Shanghai
Qing Shen, Ph.D., 沈青Professor
School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, USA
Tel: 301-405-6797
Email:
qshen@umd.edu
Ming Zhang, Ph.D., 张明Assistant
Professor
1 University Station, B7500
School of Architecture
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX 78712, USA
Tel: 512-471-0139
Email:
zhangm@mail.utexas.edu
ABSTRACT
Since the 1980s, much of the new urban development in China has departed
significantly from the traditional pedestrian and bicycle oriented urban form.
This study examines the effects of the urban spatial transformation on travel
based on a travel survey of 1,817 individuals from four selected neighborhoods
of Shanghai. Although pedestrian/cyclist-friendly urban form may not avert the
general trend of motorization growth induced by rising income, it does help
slow down the pace of growth and reduces the need for high levels of motor
vehicle ownership. In the pedestrian/cyclist-friendly neighborhoods, residents
travel shorter distances than in other neighborhoods even though the same modes
of travel are used. Pedestrian/cyclist friendly urban form makes the
non-motorized modes feasible options, which is essential to limit automobile
dependence. These findings suggest that land use planning and urban design can
effectively influence people’s mobility demand and travel behavior towards
achieving “green transportation” in urban China.
Key words: travel behavior, urban form, Shanghai,
logistic regression
城市形态与交通行为
摘要:
精明增长和新城市主义的理念正盛行于世界各地.
北美的许多城市倡导该理念的目标之一就是要通过改变城市形态与空间环境特征来减少人们对小汽车的极度依赖和由此依赖而产生的许多交通,
环境和社会问题.
城市形态与交通行为的相关程度决定了以这一理念为基础的城市和交通政策的有效性,
因而成为学术研究的热点.
中国城市自上世纪80年代以来因经济增长而正经历着城市形态的转型.
新扩展(和更新)的社区越来越远离传统的城市形态特征.
这种转型是否导致对小汽车依赖性的增加,
趋于与精明增长和新城市主义理念所要避免的方向?
换个方式问,
转型的城市形态是否对日趋严重的中国城市交通问题负直接责任?
如果是,
城市规划设计应如何应对?
回答这些问题同样依赖于对城市形态与交通行为的相关性的认识与理解.
本文通过对上海的四个邻里的研究深入理解在中国的社会经济背景下城市形态与交通行为的关系,
尝试回答以上既有规划设计实践意义又有学术重要性的问题.
Creating the Harmonious City in Shanghai:
The Socialist-Market, Local-Global
Dynamic in a Megacity
Barry Weisberg (bweisberg@vppps.org)
University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
CityMayors (2006) proclaimed “China is at the forefront of the
greatest urban-industrial revolution of all time.” The current model of Chinese
development presents both promise and peril in addressing the complex
challenges of city development. Urban governance and planning are often
unsuccessful in addressing “spatial conflicts, cultural collisions, resource
shortages and environmental degeneration,” (Better City, Better Life), let
alone unprecedented migration, the “youth bulge,” slums, inequality or the
conditions of global warming. The response is often greater social control.
Democracy is sacrificed on the altar of development or safety. This process is
highlighted as a city prepares for international mega events.
Three concerns of the harmonious city are addressed within the
framework of market socialism. First, how does market socialism address the
social and planetary forces shaping cities: mega cities as engines of growth
and national development and the varieties of vulnerability and risk -
complexity, conflict, connectedness, density, dependency, diversity, footprint,
migration, scale, speed. Second, the balance between six local-global,
centrifugal-centripetal, exogenous-endogenous flows that produce the
harmonious city (6C): culture, capital, country,
city, community and citizen. Third, three (3S)
components of a humane, just and harmonious city: individual safety
(freedom from violence, crime) collective safety (economic, social,
political, cultural needs and rights) and generational sustainability
(air, land, water, ecosystems, species diversity).
For the first time in human history the majority of humanity is
living in cities. But cities in general, and megacities in particular, lack
adequate strategies for harmonious development. The existing global
infrastructure, including the forces of globalization, the United Nations, the
Millennium Development Goals and states, do not adequately address the
increasingly decisive role of cities.
In China, rapid growth has produced disparities in development
and distribution. The paper asks if the contest between socialism and the
market will lead Shanghai toward the polarization, marginalization, ‘dangerous
communities,’ urban violence and ecological hazards associated with most
megacities in the developing world, or toward a harmonious city? As with
harmony in music, will the dissonance or the tonality prevail?
Implementing Transit-oriented
Development in China: Challenges and Opportunities for Jinan, Shandong China
Alainna Thomas
PhD candidate, University of
California, Berkeley
c/o University of California
Transportation Center
University of California, Berkeley,
2614 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94720
(510) 229-7934, alliet@berkeley.edu
Urban cities across China are
undergoing phenomenal urbanization rates and uncontrolled economic growth.
Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, is projected to have 5.4 million
residents by 2020, according to its 11th Five-Year Plan. Within this timeframe,
its built area will almost double to 450 square kilometers. Despite this
projected surge of growth, the Central Government recently tasked municipal
governments to cut energy use within the next five years by 20 percent.
Jinan's municipal leaders are
pursuing ways to funnel growth and direct their economy onto a more sustainable
path. Some believe Smart Growth tools such as transit-oriented development (TOD)
could be utilized throughout the city, in addition to bus rapid transit (BRT)
nodes. Some leaders aspire to model Jinan’s development after Portland, Oregon,
incorporating a large scale, citywide TOD that would include compact mixed-use
development, high density, pedestrian-friendly design, and strict parking
policies. With a more cohesive and comprehensive plan that links transportation
and land use, they believe they can channel their rapid growth better and meet
the new energy efficiency demands of the Central Government.
This paper identifies some of the
challenges and opportunities for implementing TOD in Jinan through analyzing
the historical, economic, and institutional factors that drive and influence
the current state of urban planning in Jinan. In addition, critical elements
that have led to Portland’s success, such as fostering a collaborative planning
environment, are analyzed to illustrate the necessary elements for promoting a
more sustainable mode of urban development. This paper is part of an on-going
collaboration project between the University of California Transportation
Center at UC Berkeley and Jinan.
A unique planning model for waterfronts that harnesses
existing knowledge and resources
Bennur Koksuz
Director of Urban Design Division
Philadelphia City Planning Commission
1515 Arch Street 13th Floor
Philadelphia PA. 19102
U.S.A.
215 275 6556
bennur.koksuz@phila.gov
Water is a basic building block of life; humans cannot exist without access to
water. Civilizations have always started at the water’s edge. It has resulted
in almost all great cities being located near water’s edges. In the early
period of development the underlining theme was “We borrowed the land, used it
and left it in better shape then it was.” As mankind discovered more uses for
water, especially in the industrial age, the theme changed to “We borrowed the
water’s edge but it will never be used up”.
Today we are at a critical tipping point. The ecological debt we incurred with
rapid and uncontrolled development of the water’s edge is coming due for
payment. We discovered we have used up our water’s edge without thinking about
repaying what we borrowed. We can no longer continue to use it at this pace or
we will face a global crisis of water shortages and pollution. We must address
competing tensions in planning - open space versus development, ecology versus
industrialization, residential riverfront versus working port, local amenities
versus regional destination, pedestrian versus traffic. We also have our broad
based value systems - the ecology of the riverfront, its environmental and
economic sustainability, historic preservation, cultural sensitivity and
provision of safe living on the waterfront.
This paper will propose a unique model for waterfront planning. It will use
civic engagement of all stakeholders to create a vision for the water’s edge.
All users of the waterfront will incorporate their values as input to planning.
The users will become the planners to decide the destiny of their waterfront as
joint custodians and future users. The role of the planner in this process is
as an orchestra leader who guides the people with his/her knowledge and tools.
This planning model is applicable to micro scale urban design projects, as well
as large scale planning projects in any city and country. It suggests learning
from existing physical, social, cultural, economic and environmental
infrastructures and then planning the future as an overlay to the existing
infrastructure. It contemplates building this plan with the implementation
tools that already exist.
Empirical Evidence from Hangzhou’s
Urban Land Reform: Evolution, Structure, Constraints and Prospects
Zhu Qian
Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning
College of Architecture, Texas A & M
University
College Station, TX 77843-3137, U. S.
A.
Email:
zqian@tamu.edu.
Phone: 1-979-847-6270.
China’s urban land reform is a gradualist process of transforming a planned
land allocation system to an open land market system, while the ownership of
the land remains under the control of the state. Through a series of reforms in
institutions and policies, urban land markets have emerged rapidly. This study
aims to analyze the evolution of urban land reform in Hangzhou, one of the
spearhead cities in China’s urban land reforms, to discuss its emerging
structure of urban land market—its legal, institutional and financial
frameworks, to identify the current urban land management characteristics and
the principal constraints, and to propose relevant recommendations for urban
land reform with emphasis on rural land rights and expropriation, interactions
between central and local governments, and non-government sector’s
participation in urban land use management. Besides the policy implications,
the study concludes that urban land reform in Hangzhou has been actively
interacts with economic reforms in other fields in a variety of ways; that a
monopolized supply mechanism of urban land is not necessarily a detriment to
the development of a market system in the urban land economy; and that a
government-led land use management model with little civil society and public
participation is one of the most significant constraints in China’s urban land
reforms.
The Inclusive City
Susan M. Goltsman, FASLA,
Principal, Moore Iacofano Goltsman, Inc.
Daniel S. Iacofano, Ph.D., FAICP,
Principal, Moore Iacofano Goltsman, Inc.
800 Hearst Avenue, Berkeley, California, 94710
Mi-Yung Rhee, Senior Marketing Manager, Moore Iacofano Goltsman,
Inc.
(510) 845-7549, ext. 111
miyungr@migcom.com
Session Description:
Cities today face a profound challenge and an extraordinary opportunity: how do
we balance the physical improvements of urban revitalization with the goals of
social equity, economic development and public health for all city inhabitants?
Our unfinished agenda as a society is to confront and overcome the enormous
disparities that divide our communities.
This session proposes a comprehensive solution: inclusive planning and design
based on socially, environmentally and culturally sensitive policies and
processes that allow communities to shape their own environments—so everyone
improves economically as the physical realm is revitalized.
During this session, case studies will be presented to offer a practical look
at a range of successful, inclusive projects with positive social impacts in
urban environments—and one important result in common: the process of
completing the project added value to the community beyond the physical project
itself.
This session is intended for any planner, designer, architect, landscape
architect, developer, policy maker and most of all, community member who shares
a passion for creating great urban places.
Collaborative Planning in a Riverfront Development Project,
South Suburban Chicago: Process, Evaluation and Implication
Lan Wang
Ph.D. Student
University of Illinois at Chicago
412 S. Peoria St.
Chicago, IL 60607
lwang31@uic.edu
Tel: 773-358-8338
Prof. Tingwei Zhang
University of Illinois at Chicago
412 S. Peoria St.
Chicago, IL 60607
tzhang@uic.edu
Tel: 312-355-0303
Mr. Hubert Morgan
Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning
Sears Tower,
233 S. Wacker Dr.
Suite 800,
Chicago, IL 60606
hmorgan@cmap.illinois.gov
Tel: 312-415-0139
Viewing planning as a communicative or collaborative process has gained
increasing theoretical popularity and attention in planning practice (Allmendinger,
2002). The underlying theory of communicative rationality, which was developed
in abstract by Habermas and in practical for planning by Forester, Healey, and
Innes, etc, provides guidance on how planners can work with fragmented and
conflict interest groups, reach agreement among them and then develop a plan.
It highlights that knowledge is produced through a series of discourses that
engage all those with differing interests around a task in a set of ideal
conditions for equal dialogue (Innes et al, 1999). The discourses enable
planners to "undertake consensus-building work through which to create
inter-culturally sensitive strategies for managing our common concerns in urban
region space" (Healey 1996 P239), and provide a potential opportunity for
planners to re-cognize and re-think about the values, strategies, consequences
and implications (Forester, 2001).
In this paper, we use a riverfront development project in
Chicago, which involves seven municipalities in the south suburban area, as a
case to explore how collaborative planning provides rationality for a project
of multiple jurisdictions where there is no statutory planning authority, and
how discourses are promoted through innovated planning tools. First, we examine
the role of diverse participants in the project: the founder - a foundation,
the budget manager - a non-government organization, and the project team
consisting of a quasi-governmental regional organization, a consultant group
and a professional urban planning and design firm. The relationships among them
and their interaction with stakeholders shaped the agenda development and the
methods adopted in the planning process. Then the paper discusses the planning
tools and participation design in the process to reinforce the discourses among
stakeholders of the project. Vision workshop, focus group and steering
committee meeting are three basic ways providing arenas within which to
construct a "public realm" and to make discourses happen (Healey, 1996).
Furthermore, we evaluate the planning process in this project with a reference
to the original idea of discourse (Allmendinger, 2002), the ladder of
participation (Arnstein, 1969) and the framework of evaluating
consensus-building developed by Innes (Connick and Innes 2003, Innes et al.
1999, Innes 2004).
Finally, the paper highlights some implications to the current
Chinese planning. The project has successfully engaged the public through
innovative ways, which may be applicable to similar multi-jurisdictional
projects in China. More importantly, communicative rationality might be
valuable for a broad range of Chinese planning practice within the changing and
increasingly complex society in the era of globalization. Planners should
engage diverse voices of interests into a more transparent planning process and
reinforce the discourse through the planning tools and methods discussed in
this case, aiming at solving the problem of uncertainty and unpredictability in
a complex urban system and promoting a sustainable and harmonious urban
development.
Cudgels and Collaboration: Commercial Development Regulation
and Support in the Portland, Oregon-Vancouver, Washington Metropolitan Region
By Edward J. Sullivan
I am a planning lawyer and wrote this paper for a symposium on
urban development at the Vermont Law School. The paper demonstrates that
sub-national government units can, and should, work with private developers.
The government actors have sufficient authority to plan and construct
infrastructure, while private developers have the capital to fund that
infrastructure and cooperate with governments to realize plans that are
publicly discussed and adopted and realized efficiently because they reflect
the market.
Rather than deal with theory, this paper studies particular
development approaches in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan area, which spans
two states and involves two different state planning systems. Both systems
seek to preserve resource lands by limiting urban development to urban areas
within specific boundaries. To assure that too much land will not be taken for
urban use prematurely, both systems invest funds in infrastructure and
emphasize intensive development within urban areas.
城市开发论文摘要
爱德华·沙利文
大棒与合作:
俄勒冈州-波特兰和华盛顿州温哥华地区商业开发的法律规范和支持
我是一名从事规划法律事务的律师。这篇文章是为佛蒙特法学院举办的一个有关城市开发的研讨会撰写的。本文想要说明的是非联邦级别的政府部门可以也应当与私人开发商合作。政府部门有充分的权力进行规划和基础设施的建造活动，而私人开发商可以提供基础设施需要的资金，通过与政府合作来实现经由公众讨论并采纳的规划方案。由于这些方案反映了市场动向，所以通常能得以有效的实施。
本文从实践而非理论的角度出发，研究了跨两州、涉及两套不同的政府规划体系的波特兰-温哥华地区的特殊开发举措。这两套政府规划体系都希望：通过划定具体界限，将城市发展限制在城市区域之内以保护资源用地；
通过基础设施投资，鼓励城市区域的高强度开发，以避免过多的土地过早地被投入城市用途。
在论述完运用法律手段防止浪费土地资源的不恰当开发之后，本文接下来分析了四个案例---经政府和私人开发商协议达成的公共规划、公共基础设施供应与私人开发融为一体的模式。私人开发商提供主要的基础设施资金，换取高强度和利润颇丰的开发机会。开发项目一般为商业或办公用途，但如果市场许可，也可以是住房和公共用途项目如公共建筑和交通体系等。本文的结论是这种公私合作的伙伴关系可以克服政府和开发商通常面临的典型问题，即：难以达成最终开发协议和基础设施资金的筹资。
中国正处于农地向城市用地大规模转化的时刻，这些土地往往是即可用于农业，又可用于城市用地，因此合理配制土地用途是非常重要的。
并且，为城市区域提供相应的基础设施资金也是很关键的。 本文希望为政府机构与私营部门建立伙伴关系以解决这些问题提供一点建议和参考。
Delay
Dynamics of Public Project Confronted with Location of LULU Facilities
Man-Hyung Lee,
Ph.D
Professor
Department of Urban
Engineering,
Chungbuk National
University
12 Gaeshin-Dong,
Heungduck-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea
Tel:
82-43-261-2369/Fax: 82-43-276-2369
E-mail:
manlee@cbu.ac.kr
Joong-Hoon Lee
Ph.D Candidate
Department of Urban
Engineering,
Chungbuk National
University
12 Gaeshin-Dong,
Heungduck-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea
Tel:
82-43-261-2369/Fax: 82-43-276-2369
E-mail:
dosilee@hanmail.net
Kwang-Ju Kim
Graduate Student
Department of Urban
Engineering,
Chungbuk National
University
12 Gaeshin-Dong,
Heungduck-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea
Tel:
82-43-261-2369/Fax: 82-43-276-2369
E-mail:
slogs@nate.com
Mi-Ra Lee
Graduate Student
Department of Urban
Engineering,
Chungbuk National
University
12 Gaeshin-Dong,
Heungduck-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Korea
Tel:
82-43-261-2369/Fax: 82-43-276-2369
E-mail:
whlml@hanmail.net
Abstract
The
purpose of this study is to find what factors are directly related to the delay
of public project, usually going beyond the planned deadline and budget. Using
causal loops and stock-flow models derived from System Dynamics(SD) approaches,
it focuses on cases of Cremation Projects in Korea. After a series of
simulation works, the research finds that the negative externalities originated
from the adjacent location of the LULU(locally unwanted land use) facilities
have exerted significant influence on dynamic perceptions of key stakeholders,
typically resulting in project delay. Furthermore, we observe that the proposed
alternative negotiation-based models would produce relatively higher planning
performance level than the typical approaches hinged on the
administrative-expediency tactics. Even though the former may require more
human and material resources in the very beginning stage, as they have to deal
with diverse grievances raised by major stake-holders, most of them would bound
for strengthening reinforcing loops within the complex structure. These results
imply that negotiation or consensus-building approaches to deal with public
projects would enhance mutual agreement among major stake-holders, upgrading
the overall quality of project management.
Keywords: Locally Unwanted Land Use (LULU) Facilities, Delay Dynamics, Public
Project, Causal Loops, Stock-Flow Models
Evaluation of Research in Integrated Management and Services
of Urban Development Records, Archives and Information
AN Xiaomi (安小米)
School of Information
Resources Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
Abstract: To evaluate the project work in progress,
this paper analyzes “why”, “what” and “how” issues of relevant integration
research about integrated management and services of urban development records,
archives and information based on a survey of literature at home and abroad. By
a comparative study of current integration research status and features, the
author gives a critical analysis of the strengths and weakness of the project
and provides recommendations for future research. Cross disciplinary studies
indicate that ideals of integration can add values to collaboration, innovation
and optimum in managing evidence, information, memory and knowledge of built
environment cross-culture, cross-discipline, cross-domain and cross institution
for enhancing competitiveness and productivity of business. Cross cultural
studies indicate that integrated records, archives and information management
as a whole into capital construction project management process, organizational
information resources management systems and the construction of digital urban
development archival repository through service-control, process-control and
product-control are fundamental to guarantee the characteristics and quality of
records and records system to support evidence-based e-government, e-business
and the sustainability development of digital city. Present studies on
integrated management and services of urban development records, archives and
information have limitations on too much emphasis on integration for
collaboration and optimum but not enough studies on integration for innovation
and broader social use.
中外城建文件档案信息集成管理与集成服务研究评析
安小米
中国人民大学信息资源管理学院
北京
100872
[摘要]
本文对与国家自然科学基金项目“城市建设文件档案信息集成管理与集成服务”相关的集成研究进行了中英文献的调查。通过分析中英文文献中集成问题的研究目的、研究内容和研究方法，归纳了中外相关研究的现状和趋势；通过对中外相关研究的比较与评析，发现了课题研究的局限，对未来研究提出了建设性意见。跨学科比较研究揭示集成思想对具有跨学科、跨领域和跨机构特点的城市建设证据、信息、记忆和知识的积累、共享和交流提供了合作、创新和优化的管理机制，有利于提高城市建设业务活动的效率、效益和效能。跨文化比较研究揭示，只有将文件、档案、信息的管理看成城市建设资源管理的有机组成，纳入城市建设工程项目管理全过程，纳入相关机构信息化工程建设全过程，纳入城市建设档案馆的信息化和数字档案馆建设全过程，才能实现城市建设档案的服务集成控制、过程集成控制和文件档案信息产品质量集成控制，保证文件档案信息具有真实性、可靠性、完整性和长久可用性，保证文件档案信息系统具有电子文件管理能力，能够支持基于证据的电子政务、电子商务活动，支持数字城市的可持续发展。目前的集成研究局限是过多强调合作和优化，但对管理创新和更广泛的社会化集成服务的研究不够。
Globalization, Cross-Border Investment and Chinese Industrial
Development
作者：王磊
工作单位：哥伦比亚大学城市规划系
联系方式：lw2121@columbia.edu
Abstract: This paper aims to examine the causes and
impacts of FDI inflows to Chinese industrial development in terms of its
quantitative unevenness and technological effects, which is of considerable
significance for the presently advocated “indigenous innovation” among Chinese
policy, academic and business communities. Staring with a brief review of
theoretical debate on globalization, it suggests that the qualitatively
different shape globalization takes from the past does not necessarily mean
dependency has become obsolete in the post-colonial period. It then elaborates
how the reform measures such as fiscal decentralization and the opening
strategy as embodied by the establishment of a variety of zones in an
intertwined way contributes to FDI fervor exemplified both sectorally and
spatially. Using empirical data, this paper finds out that technological
spillover triggered by FDI happens mainly on the intra-regional level via
industrial linkages rather than on the intra-industrial scale through
inter-firm communications. It finally concludes with the caution of
technological dependency.
标题：全球化，跨境投资与中国产业发展
摘要：本文意在从数量不均衡和技术效应方面考察境外直接投资对中国产业发展的影响及其原因，从而对于目前政届学届和工商界所倡导的“自主创新”具有积极意义。本人首先简要回顾关于全球化理论的各个视角，并由此揭示尽管今天全球化具有不同于过去的特征，但这并不必然意味着“依附”的不复存在。本文接着继续论述开放战略和改革措施如何共同作用，从而导致了在不同部门和不同区域所呈现出的不同程度的外资热。通过数据实证，文章发现外资所引起的技术外溢主要是通过产业关联发生在区域范围内，而并非通过企业间交流合作发生在产业范围内。本文由此提出对于技术依附的警示。
Implementation of GIS and Statistic Resources for Urban
Sustainability Assessment
Dr. Changfeng Fu 1
Professor Joe Tah 1
Professor Ghassan Aouad 1
Professor Rachel Cooper 2
1The School of Built
Environment, Salford University,
Great Manchester, M5 4WT
c.fu@salford.ac.uk
2The Institute of Arts and
Design, Lancaster University
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW
Urban sustainability assessment involves a number of soft issues regarding
regional and local economic and society. The conventional methods to conduct
this assessment are mostly based on qualitative approaches, such as
semi-structured interview, questionnaire survey, case studies for certain areas
and issues, and so on. However, these qualitative approaches can only handle a
handful cases or samples, and the outcomes from the qualitative assessment can
be only represented in simple media, such as text, table or charts. This paper
here presents a comprehensive method to implement GIS spatial data regarding
maps and boundaries and demographic and statistic data from various public
resources. This is a study based on the Vivacity 2020 project, which is a large
research project in sustainable urban design, sponsored within the SUE I
program (Sustainable Urban Environment) by British Engineering and Physics
Science Research Council. The works presented here include how to build
connection between geospatial and non-geospatial information and geo-reference
and represent those demographic and social and economic statistic data on maps.
It starts with the introductions of different geospatial data being used in
various geographic information management and national census and statistic in
various aspects, including Ordinance Survey Master Map (OSMM), three layers of
Supper Output Area (SOA) and Census Output Area (COA), etc. Following in the
next is the major information entities and structures of the National Census
and some national statistic data, such as Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD),
the local business information from the Valuation Office Agent (VOA), the
consumer classification data from Experian Mosaic UK and so on. Eventually, a
conceptual model represented in UML (Unified Modelling Language) is developed
to present the overall classes of both geospatial and those social and economic
statistic data and interrelationships among these entities. The examples of
applying these statistic data in the analysis of some specific issues in terms
of urban sustainability are also described. Finally, the conclusion and future
studies in this area are addressed.
Typomorphology in Chinese Urban Design: Sustain the Cultural
Identity of Space in Nanjing, China
Fei Chen
PhD Candidate
Architectural Building
University of Strathclyde
131 Rottenrow
Glasgow G4 0NG
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)141 548 3017
Email: fei.chen@strath.ac.uk
Abstract: The cultural identity of
Chinese urban form and the collective sense of domestic space, which play an
essential role in making culturally sustainable and harmonious places of China,
are facing huge challenge in the rapidly modernized and globalized Chinese
cities. Along with the assimilation and encroachment of the conventional physic
urban form, the cultural image of locality has been permanently lost, which
makes Chinese cities placeless. The concept of type and theory of typology in
urban planning and design will be employed in the research to understand the
development of the urban fabric, abstract the essence of space and instruct
planning practices by the establishment of local hierarchical types of city
elements, such as the plan, silhouette, street & street network, urban blocks,
urban public space, public buildings and houses. Since type is defined in
specific context, it symbolically delivers the meaning of place, evokes the
collective memory of the culturally associated community.
Nanjing as the case studied city will be analyzed in the
hierarchical framework in a chronological manner along with the major
transformations in its history, as well as the political and economic forces
affecting urban form. The paper will be organized as following. Firstly, the
trajectory of typomorphology theory in the western world provides an abundant
theoretic foundation, while Chinese traditions offer the practical context for
the study. Furthermore, the general plan and street network & streets will be
particularly focused in the walled area of the city in terms of the physical
features and spatial configuration. Each type of street and street network in
different stages reflects the design intent at that time, but spiritually
connects with inhabitants’ daily lives over history, which remains a constant
influence on the physical form. In addition, the analysis of existing city
fabric gives a reference for a broad urban design toward a harmonious and
balanced development in the future.
A SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT DENSITY
IN BEIJING, CHINA
Xin-Qi Zheng,1
Li-Hua Li,2
Wei-Ning Xiang3
1, 2School of Land Science and
Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing
100083, China (010)8232-2138
zxqsd@126.com
3Department of Geography and
Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223, USA (704)687-5969
wxiang@uncc.edu
ABSTRACT
Land development density, land use
diversity, and urban design are the three principal dimensions, the “3Ds”, of
the built environment which contribute to environmental quality and
significantly impact quality of life (Cevero and Kockelman, 1997;
Chen and Han, 2006; Li and Li, 2005).
Planners compose plans by the 3Ds that apply “smart growth principles” to
achieve the balance among economic development, environmental protection, and
community development (American Planning Association, 1998). A piece of
information critical to the success of their effort is the knowledge about the
status quo of the 3Ds. This need of information support is particularly
pressing in Beijing where a series of urban planning projects are being
conducted under the newly adopted 2004—2020 Master Plan (Li et al,
2005; Zheng et al, 2006; Zhou and Liu, 2005).
Presented in this paper is a project
that studies the characteristics of Beijing’s urban land development density
through a multi-scalar (multi-regional) and multi-indices approach. Under this
approach, a region’s development density is represented by three
indices—building density, area discreteness, and construction compactness. They
are defined, respectively, as the ratio between the region’s building roof
areas and its total area, the ratio of building roof areas and the number of
buildings in the region, and the average distance between buildings. Together,
the three indices depict both the quantity and spatial distribution of urban
development across a region. With the three indices, the city’s urban
development density is characterized at three levels—the metropolitan area, the
major transportation corridors and loops, and the jurisdictional entities
(districts and counties).
In addition to the research findings,
this paper will demonstrate how the spatial analytical capabilities in a
geographic information system (GIS) were used during the course of the project
to support both the development and implementation of the multi-scalar and
multi-indices approach. Furthermore, it explores the prospect of developing a
GIS-based planning support system on the basis of
the present project.
北京城市土地开发密度的特征研究
郑新奇,1
李丽华,1象伟宁2
1、中国地质大学（北京）土地科学技术系，北京
100083
zxqsd@126.com
2.
美国北卡罗来那大学夏洛特分校地理与地球科学系,
北卡罗来那28223
wxiang@uncc.edu
摘要
＂３－Ｄ综合规划＂是指把土地开发密度
(Density), 土地利用多样性(Diversity)，和建筑格局设计(Design)统一考虑的土地利用规划方法．由于它强调经济发展,
环境保护,
和社区和谐三方面的均衡与协调发展,
在城市土地利用规划的实践当中,
是一行之有效并被普遍采用的方法.
而３－Ｄ综合规划的前提之一是对３－Ｄ现状的了解与评价.
对于北京市根据《北京城市总体规划（2004-2020）》正在进行的一系列土地利用规划来讲,
对３－Ｄ现状的了解与评价不仅是必要的而且是适时的.
本文所介绍的是一项对于北京城市土地开发密度,
即Density,
特征的研究.
在这项研究中,
对于北京城市土地开发密度特征的描述是基于以下两个理念.
第一,
土地开发密度不仅是个数量,
而且还是个有空间分布并随时间变化的矢量.
第二,
土地开发密度特征的描述既要有科学性,
增加人们对现状的了解,
又要兼顾实用性,
能够直接服务于3-D综合规划.
根据这些理念,
本项研究运用一个多指数多区域的方法对北京土地开发密度的特征从三个方面作了描述.
这三方面分别是建筑密度—某区域内建筑的基底面积与区域面积的比例,
建筑离散度—区域内建筑的基底面积与区域内建筑数目的比例,
和建筑紧密度—区域内建筑之间的平均距离.
在此基础上,
本项研究对开发密度的特征在三个区域尺度上作了进一步的描述.
即大北京都市区,
行政区/县,
以及功能区域(主要交通干线,
环城公路等).
此外,
本文还介绍了地理信息系统在这项研究中所起的重要作用,
并探讨了进一步开发３－Ｄ综合规划支持系统的可能性.
Toward More Sustaining Communities
By Diane M. Dale, ASLA, JD
Director of Community Design, William McDonough + Partners
Contact information
Diane M. Dale, ASLA, JD
Director of Community Design
William McDonough + Partners
700 E. Jefferson Street
Charlottesville, VA 22902
USA
+1 (434) 979-1111
ddale@mcdonough.com
William McDonough + Partners (WM+P) is internationally recognized for their
thought leadership in sustainable design. Grounded in a systems-led
conceptualization process, the firm’s work continually explores the interface
between form, system, and planning, resulting in critical implications for
design. These efforts also strive to articulate “cradle to cradle” approaches
to development – rather than “cradle to grave” – as formulated by the firm’s
founding partner, William McDonough. This design philosophy pursues strategies
that rely on renewable forms of energy, make positive contributions to air,
water and soil quality, and capture natural and man-made resources typically
lost as waste for reuse. The paper will explore how this approach is
introducing both a replicable planning framework and viable models of
sustainable development.
Hali’imaile, a neo-traditional community planned for Maui’s upcountry,
represents a new prototype for approaching community design, particularly
within a coastal setting. The project offers an integrated response to the
challenges of development on the island while fostering the creation of a
community that supports its developers’ workforce and reflects their corporate
and cultural values. WM+P led a team of planners, architects and engineers
through a systems-led conceptualization process, studying and analyzing energy,
water and building performance issues around key engineering and architectural
systems at the earliest stage of planning. These studies were intended to
inform how environmentally intelligent infrastructure could influence the
organization and pattern of a typically dense TND while enhancing environmental
quality and performance across all scales, from building to site to community.
The resulting work holds significant spatial implications for the land planning
and site design of communities.
WM+P’s work on Kanawha, a new town in development south of Charlotte, North
Carolina, also aspires to provide a new model for the organization and
development of new residential and mixed-use communities. In addition to
outlining aggressive on-site stormwater strategies, the master plan expands
design considerations to integrate agriculture within the physical and social
fabric of Kanawha from the outset of the planning process. This intertwining of
economic and ecological goals will create long-term value, protect the local
ecology, and expand opportunities for social interaction – all the while
serving to enhance the community’s marketability and residents’ quality of
life.
This work represents a continuum of innovation, in which each project builds on
lessons learned. By introducing both a replicable planning framework and viable
models of sustainable development, WM+P is helping communities redefine
development in ways capable of realizing a truly sustaining future.
Urban Growth and Environmental Health: Applications of the Alternative Growth
Futures Model
Li Yin
Assistant Professor
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
School of Architecture and Planning, University at Buffalo
116 Hayes Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York, 14214-3087
telephone: 716-829-2133
fax: 716 829 3256
e-mail:liyin@ap.buffalo.edu.
Urban growth rates across China in recently years are unprecedented. The rapid
urban growth has heightened concerns about sustainable development in China. In
the US, the rapid growth in the West also caught attentions and resulted in
numerous studies. Are pursuing both growth and environmental health mutually
exclusive?
Urban Environmental management relies on a complex understanding of trade-offs
between habitat preservation or restoration, agricultural protection, and
demands for new urban land uses. A variety of models have been developed to
help evaluate the effects of alternative urban growth patterns on consumption
of resources and the health of cities in the US West. This paper reviews
applications of the Alternative Growth Futures Models (AGF) in California and
Colorado (Muller and Yin, 2001; Muller, Bertron and Yin, 2002; Muller, et. al.,
2002) and offer suggestions on how the model may be applied China.
The
AGF model provides a framework for scenario-based evaluation of the effects of
alternative land use policies on the balance between environment protection and
urban land uses. In this paper, we discuss the structure of the urban growth
model as applied in several western United States counties, results of impact
analysis and policy implications. In modeling urban land use change and urban
growth, we generally ask how much impact a policy will have on socially valued
spatial asset. The “how much” question is typically used to steer an
evaluation of prospective alternatives, and thus helps in the formation of
policy to control these alternatives.
This paper discusses the efforts to assess how land use policies might
influence development patterns and mitigate unfavorable environmental changes
in 10 counties in western United States. These studies conclude that with
guidance and voluntary incentives, growth can be directed away from sensitive
lands and alleviate adverse environmental impacts. These models can help
increase available planning information, test the possible environmental
consequences of proposed policies, and support collaborative planning efforts.
Through the discussion of the applications of the AGF model in the fast growing
areas in the American West, this paper aims to draw implications and set up a
framework on the application of the model in China.
Economic Efficiency of Urban Landuse and Its Change: A Case
Study of the Pearl River Delta, China
HOU, Quan
侯全
Department of Geography and Centre for China Urban and Regional
Studies
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
香港浸会大学地理系及中国城市与区域研究中心
Tel: (852) 34117886
Email: houquan@hkbu.edu.hk
Abstract
The land surface of the Earth, our home as well as our workplace
and main source of sustenance, has always been a limited resource. Furthermore,
the unprecedented rates of population growth have been posing an ever-greater
demand pressure on the very limited land resource. For the scarcity nature of
land resource, monitoring landuse change and improving landuse efficiency is of
critical significance.
Urban areas, where people, property and wealth increasingly
concentrate, are of vital importance. The extent and pace of urban growth,
combined with the correlation between urban growth and economic development,
have led to concerns about the sustainability of continued economic growth.
Apparently, a sustainable development can be achieved only by raising the
efficiency of landuse provided the scarcity nature of land resources in a
specific region. In order to achieve this goal, several procedures, such as
monitoring and measuring the efficiency of landuse, and appropriate public
policy to promote improvements of landuse efficiency, must be involved.
In responds to the need for measures of monitoring urban landuse
efficiency, this study aims to conceptualize urban landuse efficiency from an
economic point of view, using the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region as a case
study. Urban landuse efficiency will be measured by economic output per unit of
developed land, which can be deemed as grand mean economic efficiency, and the
increase of economic output per unit of growth in urban landuse, which can be
deemed as marginal economic efficiency. Urban landuse information of the PRD
region at three years of 1992, 1998, and 2001 will be extracted using remotely
sensed images. Then the relationship between urban landuse expansion and
economic growth will be presented, so as to quantify urban landuse efficiency
and its temporal change in terms of economic performance. The findings are
expected to shed lights on policies pertaining to urban landuse, such as when
and how much land should be converted into urban uses.
Globalisation and Urban Planning Decision-Making in China
Xingyu, LI has recently completed
his Master’s degree in Human Geography at Oxford University Centre for
Environment (OUCE), UK.
Flat 1204, Building 10, West Gate, Xili Xiaoqu, Yongding Rd,
Beijing, China 100039
Tel: +86 10 68212053 (China) or +44 7887 963 133 (UK)
Email: lixingyu@gmail.com
Liu, CHEN is a PhD candidate at
School of Economics, Nanjing Universty, China
22 Hankou Rd, School of Economics, Nanjing University, Nanjing,
China 210093
Tel: +86 13815891881
Email: chxiaoliu@126.com
Abstract
Globalisation has engraved new features to the urbanisation process in China.
It has greatly changed the subject, structure, process and concept of
governing, and posed serious challenges to the traditional nation state, regime
and governmental institution. Within cities, these effects have transformed
people’s political life, as well as the systems of urban governance and
environmental management.
Since the economic reform, China has decentralised the responsibility and
authority of urban planning to the local level. While being empowered through
such a move, local authorities often lack the means of tackling the social and
environmental problems related to the planning process. Thus, both the planning
authorities and society seek new, innovative partnerships with other
stakeholders such as NGOs, social groups and the private sectors, to develop
sustainable solutions for urban development.
This paper discusses the impact of globalisation on urban planning, by
exploring the increasing participation of civil society groups in
decision-making. It also draws on discussions of the transitional roles of
traditional and new communication networks (e.g. Internet), which have become
more and more crucial in the interaction of urban authorities and local
communities. The paper uses Beijing as a case study and highlights how
globalisation has influenced the urban planning polity in present China.
Transporting Pupils to and from their Schools
-- US Experience and Implications for China
Feng Zhang
Ph.D. Candidate
Urban Studies and Planning Program
School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
University of Maryland, College Park
College Park, MD 20742 USA
Telephone: 240-481-1894 Email:
fzhang@umd.edu
“Black School-bus” has been a terrifying word to people, especially parents of
pupils, in China, as severe incidents that draw the nation’s attention
frequently happened upon those for-profit unregulated school transportation
services. On the one hand, the demand for school transportation services of
parents are rapidly thriving, possibly because of increasing distance between
schools and students and tightening working schedules of family members. On the
other hand, China, as a nation, never has a tradition of providing or
regulating school transportation service, except that a small number of cities
have their local regulations. The occurrence and boom of so-called black
school-bus indeed lies in this demand-supply contradiction. An urgent question
arises: shall the government provide public school transportation services to
transport pupils to and from their schools and how? This paper is intended to
address this question conceptually by first introducing the history and
experience of pupil transportation in US and second discussing its implications
in the context of China.
The
public school transportation system in US dated back to early 18th
century. And nowadays the US operates the most extensive dedicated school bus
system in the world – 23.5 million children, about 54% of the population, are
carried on 440,000 buses. This paper tries to take US experience and model as
the starting point of discussion on its potential in China. Therefore, first of
all, a 200 years’ history of school transportation system is introduced briefly
with emphasis on influential policies and underlying rationales. Second, a case
of Montgomery County, Maryland public school transportation system is
introduced and analyzed in details. Specific questions are to be answered in
this case study including who runs and pays for the system, what polices are
there, do children ride school-buses or not and why, and what are other
institutional and technical issues.
Conceivably US model may not be directly applied to Chinese context. However,
lessons can be drawn from its experience to help us address the overarching
question – why and how. Direct benefits (i.e., improved children safety and
traffic relief) are to be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Other
indirect or intangible impacts, such as parent schedule flexibility increase
and emission reduction, are to be discussed as well. Based on US experience, I
will try to explore important issues (e.g. safety, funding) that are necessary
to account for when central or local government considering to regulate or
provide pupil transportation and to furnish corresponding recommendations.
Keywords: Pupil Transportation, School
Transportation, School Bus, US experience, Safety
美国公立校车系统及其对中国的启示
张峰
马里兰大学城市规划系
随着全国范围内重大事故不断发生，私人运营、缺乏管理而又事故不断的“黑校车”已经引起广泛的注意和批评。一方面，家长们对于学校交通服务的需求与日俱增。可能的原因包括住房和学校的自由选择造成的住房学校不平衡以及大城市中家长们工作时间安排更加严格。而另一方面，中国各级政府从来就没有统一提供和规范学校交通服务的传统，除了过去一些国有企业为职工子弟提供的校车和最近个别城市出台的有关校车的地方规定。而这一需求和供给之间的矛盾就造成了“黑校车”的出现和“繁荣”。为了解决这一矛盾，很多人都想到了由政府提供公共校车服务这一途径。因而一个紧要的问题就是：政府主管机构是否应该提供公共的校车服务以及如何提供？本文将介绍美国公立校车系统的历史和经验并从理论上探讨其对于中国的启示，从而试图回答上述问题。
美国公立校车系统可以回溯到18世纪早期。目前美国的公立校车是全世界最广泛使用的系统――每天超过2400万学龄儿童（总学龄人口的54%）由44万辆黄色校车运送到学校或者与学校相关的活动。本文将以美国的模式作为探讨中国公共校车可行性的出发点。首先简要介绍美国200年左右的校车系统历史，重点放在有重大影响的政策及其背景。然后是个案研究，将详细介绍和分析美国马里兰州蒙哥马利郡的公立校车系统。具体要回答的问题包括：谁来支付和运营这一公立校车系统？有哪些相关法规政策，又是如何制定修改的？如何规划校车线路和时刻？学生实际乘坐的情况如何，家长们有什么反映？有什么其他制度和技术问题？等等。
当然美国模式不能直接照搬到中国来。但我们可以引进美国的经验来帮助我们回答上面提到的问题――中国要不要公立校车系统？如何要？引进公立校车会带来很多效益――直接效益包括加强了学龄儿童的交通安全、缓解了高峰时间的交通状况，间接效益包括缓解交通污染和把家长从接送孩子上解放出来。本文将定性和定量（视数据情况而定）分析上述效益。在介绍美国经验基础上，本文还会提出中央和地方政府在准备建立公共校车系统时必须要考虑的关键问题（例如资金来源、安全性、技术解决，等）并给出相应建议。
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